Intelligent based decisionmaking strategy to predict fire intensity .
WEBMar 1, 2023 · In underground coal mines, spontaneous combustion is a common occurrence, and Graham's ratio is frequently employed as an index to determine the nature of the fire in both its early and developing stages (Ray et al., 2004, Şensöğüt, 2011).The carbon monoxide/oxygen deficiency ratio, also known as the Graham index and carbon .